Engineering Projects

In the article Introduction and Advantages of Optical Communications, we will discuss optical communications and their advantages. Introduction of Optical Communication: Recent advances in the development and manufacture of fiber-optic systems have made them the latest frontier in the field of communications. They are being used for both military and commercial data links and have replaced a lot of copper wire. Their use in telecommunications is extensive. They are also expected to take over much of the long-distance communication traffic now handled by satellite links. A fiber-optic communications system is…

Electrical noise measurement has become a very sophisticated process. Specialty electrical/electronics noise measuring instruments that offer many computer-controlled functions are available for thousands of dollars. If you become involved with a large number of measurements, you will become familiar with some of these instruments. In this section, we look at some general methods of noise measurement that can be accomplished with relatively standard laboratory instrumentation. A simple and reliable method of noise measurement is the case where the signal is equal to the noise. At some convenient point in the…

In the topic “Noise Designation and Calculation” we will discuss the various topics with proper mathematical equations and examples. The topic we are going to discuss are: Signal to noise ratio Noise Figure Resistor combination effect Reactance Noise effect Noise due to amplifier in a cascade Equivalent noise temperature Equivalent noise resistance Signal-to-Noise Ratio  We have thus far dealt with different types of electrical noise without showing how to deal with noise in a practical way. The most fundamental relationship used is known as the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio), which…

Electrical noise may be defined as any undesired voltages or currents that ultimately end up appearing in the receiver output. To the listener, this electrical noise often manifests itself as static. It may only be annoying, such as an occasional burst of static, or continuous and of such amplitude that the desired information is obliterated. Electrical noise signals at their point of origin are generally very small, for example, at the microvolt level. You may be wondering, therefore, why they create so much trouble. Well, a communications receiver is a…