Power Backup Circuit For Digital Clocks

Engineeering Projects
power backup for digital clock

The usual method of using a 9V battery for backup in digital clocks, though common, is not very desirable for many reasons. The cost of the battery and the very short life are some of them. Circuit Description of Power Back-up Circuit for Digital Clock The circuit described here is a Power backup Circuit for a digital clock and it enables us to get the required 9V from just two penlight cells. Initially one has to invest in this circuit power backup for a digital clock, in the long run,…

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Analogue Frequency Meter with Over-range Indicator

Engineeering Projects
analog frequency meter

The versatile IC timer 555 has yet another application as an analog frequency meter. By making use of a 556 integrated circuit, which has two 555 timers in a single package, an over-range indicator can be economically added to the meter. Circuit Description of Analogue Frequency Meter with Over-range Indicator When this meter is switched to the 50Hz range, any input frequency from near DC to 50 Hz produces a correct panel meter reading, i.e. a frequency of 42 Hz produces a meter reading of 42 microamperes. However, the analog…

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Secondary Settlement of Spread Foundation

Engineeering Projects

What is Secondary Settlement of Spread Foundation? The secondary settlement takes place under constant effective stress. When consolidation is completed, the adsorbed water is drained out and plastic readjustments of soil particles occur. Consequently the soil mass is settled down. Secondary  settlement is also negligible as compared to consolidation settlement. Settlement of Footing in Clay The total settlement is given by: Where s is the total settlement, si is the immediate settlement, sc is the consolidation settlement and ss is the secondary settlement. The secondary settlement is given by:  …

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Consolidation Settlement of Spread Foundation

Engineeering Projects
consolidation settlement formula 1

What is Consolidation Settlement of Spread Foundation? Consolidation settlement is caused due to the expulsion of pore water from the voids of a saturated soil mass under the prevailing excess hydrostatic pressure induced by load imposed on a foundation. Settlement of Footing in Clay The total settlement is given by: Where s is the total settlement, si is the immediate settlement, sc is the consolidation settlement and ss is the secondary settlement, The consolidation settlement is given by: =    ———- (1) For normally consolidated clay, the consolidation settlement is…

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Immediate Settlement | Calculation of Immediate Settlement

Engineeering Projects
fox's correction

Immediate settlement takes place in a short time (about a week) after the application of load and is due to elastic distortion of the soil. As the settlement is experienced in a short time, there will not be enough time for soil mass to change in its water content. Hence, Settlement takes place under constant Volume or under un-drained conditions. Immediate settlement is computed by elastic theory. Compared to consolidation settlement, particularly in saturated clay, immediate settlement is very small and often neglected unless the structure is very important. Settlement…

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Allowable Bearing Pressure

Engineeering Projects

What are the allowable bearing pressure of spread foundation? Footing on Granular Soil | Allowable Bearing Pressure In cohesion less soil, the allowable bearing pressure is governed by allowable settlement. The allowable bearing pressure in sands is governed by shear failure criteria only when the footing is very narrow and below water table and the sand is loose. In sands, obtaining undisturbed sample is difficult even not impossible. Laboratory preparation of sand samples will not simulate the stress – strain relationship pertaining to situation in a representative manner. The effects of…

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Design Load | Computation of Design Load

Engineeering Projects

What are the Design Loads of Spread Foundation? Prior to the design of a foundation, the expected loads to the foundation should be assessed as accurately as possible, this loads is called design load. In general a foundation has to bear the design load. Various design load of spread foundation are described below. Dead load – This includes the weight of all permanently materials to the structure. This includes beams, floors, walls, columns and fixed service equipment. Live load – All loads which are movable from one location of the…

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Foundation Depth | Factor of Foundation Depth

Engineeering Projects
ground level footing

What is Foundation Depth? A foundation should be provided with adequate depth so that it functions properly. The factors that govern the foundation depth are: Depth of top soil Local erosion of soil due to flowing water Underground defects such as root holes, cavities, mine shafts etc Filled unconsolidated soil Adjacent structures, property lines, excavation and future construction operation Ground water level Depth of frost penetration Depth of volume change Desiccation due to heat of boilers and furnaces Desiccation due to water drawn by roots of trees Depth of top…

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In- Circuit Ohmmeter (Ohmmeter for electronic Circuits)

Engineeering Projects
In circuit ohm meter

While servicing gadgets, changes often occur when you feel the necessity of checking a defective resistor, shorted diode, transistor, or capacitor in a circuit. Didn’t you desire that all could have been done without switching on the gadget and without de-soldering and extracting the components? Here is a simple and effective remedy called In-circuit Ohm-meter. All you need in two transistors are a few resistors. Circuit description of In-circuit ohm-meter When an emf of about 1.5 volts is applied across the emitter-base junction of a germanium transistor, an emf of…

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Method of Analysis for Mat Foundation

Engineeering Projects
mat foundation design

Method of Analysis for Mat Foundation The objective of the analysis for mat foundation is to find the bearing pressure underneath the mat. This depends upon the rigidity of the mat, rigidity of the superstructure and rigidity of the supporting soil. These factors make the determination of bearing pressure much complicated and necessitate some simplifying assumptions to be made. After the determination of bearing pressure, shear and moment are computed. Conventional Method | Method of Analysis for Mat Foundation The basic assumptions in conventional method are: Foundation is rigid relative to…

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