Projects for Engineering Students
The Sinking of the Well Foundation is carried out through the following Steps. Laying of Curbs, Sinking of the Well Foundation In dry ground excavate up to 50 cm in river bed and place the cutting edge at the required position. If the curb is to be laid under water and depth of water is greater than 5 m, prepare Sand Island and lay the curb. If depth of water exceeds 5 m built curb in dry ground and float it to the site. A typical sand island is shown…
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What are the Component Parts of a Well Foundation A section through a well foundation is shown in figure 1. The various component parts of a Well Foundation are briefly described in the following. Well Cap – The well cap is a RCC slab of sufficient strength to transmit the forces from pier to the body of well. It is generally kept at low water level. The dimension of the well cap should be sufficient to accommodate the pier. The recommended minimum thickness is 0.75 m. Steining – It is…
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What is Caissons? The term caisson is derived from Latin, which means box or case. Caissons are hollow inside and usually constructed at site and sunk in place into a hard bearing stratum. Often the caissons have high construction cost and their construction is restricted to major foundation works. Caissons are used for bridge piers, abutments in rivers and lakes, docks and wharves, break water and other shore protections works, and large water front structures such as pump houses subjected to very heavy vertical and horizontal loads. Advantages of Caissons…
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What are the Construction of pears using mechanical method Drilling – When piers are constructed by drilling, they are called drilled piers. The excavation is carried out by an auger type of drill which looks like a carpenter’s auger. The tools used are a drill bucket and a chopping bit. The drill bucket has an opening at the bottom with cutting edges or teeth. It is provided with a door to collect the cut soil. As the bucket is rotated and forced down the cutting edges save the earth and…
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The construction of pier consists of the following operations. They include excavation, placing of the concrete and inspection after construction. The excavation is done either manually or by machines. Manual excavation is done where the site is inaccessible to machines. Manual Method | Construction of Piers The manual methods which are in common use comprise: Chicago Method Gow Method Chicago Method – Chicago  method is used exclusively in clay. In this method a cylindrical hole is excavated to a depth of 0.6 m in soft clay and 1.8 m in stiff…
Read MorePiers transfer load from soft to strata. They derive resistance from shaft and base as in the case of piles. Qult = Qb + Qs = Abqb + Asqs = ———- (1) Piers in Sands |Â Bearing Capacity of Piers In sands resistance in most cases is derived from base only. Shaft resistance is usually neglected due to following reasons. Depth being less than five times the width When there is possibility of scour especially in bridge foundations If there is Compressible fill If soil is liable to shrink For sand…
Read MoreWhat are Piers and Caissons? Piers and caissons are underground cylindrical structural members that serve same purpose as footing or piles. The purpose of these structures is to transmit loads to a stratum capable of supporting it without danger of breaking of the foundation soil or excessive settlement. Usually the ratio of depth to width for piers and caissons is greater than 5. Distinction between Piers and Caissons There is no sharp distinction between piers and caissons. In simple terms caissons are large piers. They differ only in the method…
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For op-amp circuits, the power supply must provide positive and negative voltages. Here is a simple circuit “Adjustable Bipolar Voltage Regulator” which gives a regulated ± 1.2V to ±2oV supply. ICs LM317K (IC1) and LM337K (IC2) are used here as positive and negative regulators respectively. Circuit Description of Adjustable Bipolar Voltage Regulator using LM337 The circuit diagram of the adjustable bipolar voltage regulator using LM337 is shown in figure 1, and is designed using two positive and negative adjustable voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, a bridge rectifier, and a…
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Braced cofferdams are the sheeting and bracing systems to support walls of an excavation or to exclude water from an excavation. It is mostly used in urban areas. They are frequently used in the construction of bridge piers and abutments, The various components of braced cofferdams are: Laggings – Horizontal timber planks placed by hand as the excavation proceeds. Sheet piling – Timber, steel or concrete sheet piles installed vertically by driving. Soldier beams – Vertical beams of timber or steel for taking reaction from laggings. They are not required…
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A cellular cofferdam is constructed by driving sheet piles of special shapes to form a series of cells. The cells are interconnected to form a watertight wall. These are filled with soils to provide stability against the lateral forces. There are two types of cellular cofferdams, namely diaphragm type cellular cofferdam and circular type cellular cofferdam. Diaphragm Type cellular cofferdam |Â Cellular Cofferdams | Types of Cellular Cofferdams This type of cellular cofferdam consists of circular arcs at the inner and outer sides, which are connected by straight diaphragm walls. A…
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