Engineering Projects

Here in this article we will discuss about Casagrande Method for Ground Water Observation. From the foundation design and construction point of view, it is fundamental to have reliable information about the ground water level which lies within the zone of influence of a foundation to be settled. For this, the simplest way to gain information is to observe the nearby ground water table in open wells when they are available. We can find out the ground water table from boreholes. As we advance the borehole through drilling process, after…

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Introduction to Depth of Boring: In this article we will discuss about Depth of boring and depth of boring bore log. The depth of soil affected by the load transmitted by the foundation determines the required depth of boring in the overall process. The additional stresses imposed by the foundation to a depth of one and half times the total width of foundation is still found to be about 20% below the foundation base. At the depth equal to two times the width of foundation, this stress is about 10%.…

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What is bore hole and What are the table for minimum spacing of bore hole? During advancing the bore hole, it must be made as close as possible to the proposed location of the foundation. This is particularly important where soil strata are erratic or irregular. Figure 1 shows typical layouts for multistory building, factory building and the site where the layout of the structure has not been decided. Whereas tabl2 show table for minimum spacing of bore hole. For extensive areas, it is possible to adopt a widely spaced…

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What is Load Settlement Curve? After obtaining the test results, a load settlement curve as shown in Fig.1 is plotted. In the figure, two curves A and B are shown. These two curves represent two different type of soils. The curve A is a typical curve for a sandy soil; non cohesive type, while the curve B is for clayey soil; cohesive type. For sandy soil, the nature of curve is straight in early part and with gradual increase in load intensities, it becomes steeper in later part and the…

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What is plate load test? in this article we will discuss about Plate Load Test Procedure and Limitation. The general set up for the plate load test is shown in Fig.1 below. Plate load test enables to estimate the allowable pressure of soil. The plates used in this particular phenomenon are usually square or round and these plates vary in sizes from 30 to 60 cm width and thickness about 2.5 cm. In comparison to other tests, Plate load tests are found to be quite expensive. Plate load test is…

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What is Static Cone Penetration Test or Cone Penetration Test? The static cone penetration test is also known as cone penetration test (CPT) since the cone is used to penetrate through the ground surface. The penetro-meter used in this process consists of a 600 cone with a base area of 10 cm2 and a friction jacket to avoid skin friction. Along with the diagrams in fig.1, the sequence of operation of the penetro-meter is briefly described below:- You can also check another for Dynamic Cone Penetration Test Operation procedure of Static…

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During the course of site investigation, different penetration tests are carried out and these tests are enlisted below: Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) and Static Cone penetration Test (CPT). Among these, Standard penetration test SPT is the most popular one and is widely used. Standard penetration test: The test is conducted by driving a split spoon (Fig 1  c) into the soil for a distance of 450 mm. The force required to drive the spoon up to that depth is provided by a standard hammer of…

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What are the types of sampler? Usually there are two common types of sampler; thin walled Shelby Tubes or Piston Samplers. Besides these, there are some other types of samplers and they are: open drive samplers and split spoon samplers. These samplers are shown in Fig.1.   Shelby Tube | Types of sampler The thin walled seamless steel tubes are called Shelby tubes. They are generally used to take undisturbed samples for routine site investigation works. The clear sketch of Shelby tube is shown in Fig.2.6 (a). The tube is…

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